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“中国越来越重视‘一带一路’建设的长期效果，我们对此非常欢迎。”4月25日，国际货币基金组织总裁拉加德在第二届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛资金融通分论坛上表示。此次论坛主题为促进可持续发展，构建开放、市场导向的投融资体系，推动共建“一带一路”高质量发展。
▲拉加德在中国社交媒体上发表动态，并同一带一路官网友好互动。
拉加德引用中国谚语称，“一年之计在于春”，她表示，正如本届论坛即将公布的一系列文件所规划的，“一带一路”倡议正在向更加绿色、更加可持续和更加包容的方向发展，特别是中国财政部即将在今天晚些时候发布的《“一带一路”债务可持续性分析框架》，这一文件放眼未来，为参与“一带一路”倡议的各方伙伴长远发展进行规划。
国际货币基金组织看重投融资从金融层面推动更多“一带一路”倡议更加绿色地发展，从而使“一带一路”倡议在财政、金融、投资和环保方面兼并发展，成为惠及世界和惠及未来的倡议。
拉加德认为，资本自由的跨国流通流动可以进一步支持包容性增长，可以加大基础设施、制造业、医疗、健康等部门的投资。
“现在的资本流通，尤其是外商直接投资偏低。金融危机之前，流向低收入国家的资金比例是2.5%，而现在只有1.9%。更加开放的资本流动，可以提升金融效率、降低金融成本，从而拉动新的投资，支持新的就业。”拉加德说。
拉加德表示，中国就是一个加强资金融通而受益的最好例子。“中国进一步向外国投资人开放债市，将带来更丰富的多元化，促进人民币国际化。中国债市的开放将为中国境内及境外投资者带来机遇和收益。将中国债市纳入全球性指数，将带来巨大的、颠覆性的改变。不仅对中国的金融市场，也会对全球的投资人带来极大的益处。”她说。
拉加德认为，开放资本市场也会带来的一些挑战，还需要健全的管理、透明的投资规则以及可持续性的财政。“中国表示会确保‘一带一路’项目投资是绿色的、低碳的、符合气候要求的，这会让投资在金融和环境上都变得非常可持续，也有利于子孙后代。”
在谈及金融普惠的话题时，拉加德介绍：“目前，在中等收入的亚太国家，近一半成年人都没有银行账户，只有不到10%的人从金融机构借过钱。我们都知道，消弭金融鸿沟是国家繁荣发展必不可少的关键。国际基金组织的研究分析表明，在金融最不包容、最不普惠的亚洲国家，通过金融普惠，贫困率降低了近4%，其方法就是允许女性和农村人口获得金融服务。”
她认为，过去，金融普惠的问题很难解决，但金融科技可以发挥催化剂的作用。“比如在柬埔寨，通过强大的公私合营的项目支持移动金融的发展，使得2011年以来小额贷款机构的数量增加了两倍，给超过200万名新增借款人提供了贷款，占到了成年人口的20%。我们相信这种做法不仅在柬埔寨能够成功，在各个国家都能成功，可以互相学习。”
演讲全文
BeltandRoadInitiative:TwoKeyChannelstoAchievingFinancialConnectivity
ByChristineLagarde,IMFManagingDirector
GovernorYi,MinisterLiu,DistinguishedGuests,LadiesandGentlemen—goodmorning!ZaoShangHao!
IwouldliketothankthePeople’sBankofChinaandtheChineseMinistryofFinancefororganizingthisimportantevent.
AswemeetduringthisbeautifulspringtimeweatheritbringstomindthewordsoftheChineseproverb,“Thewholeyearmustbeplannedforinthespring.”
OverthenextthreedayswewillconsiderthewaystheBeltandRoadInitiative—theBRI—canhelpbetterconnecttheworldphysicallyandfinanciallyforyearstocome.Itisfittingthatwebegintheseconversationswithfinancialconnectivity.Why?Becausehistoryteachesusthatphysicalandfinancialconnectivitygohand-in-hand.
ThinkoftheoriginalSilkRoad.Thedesirefortradedrovemerchantstotravelthousandsofkilometers.Overtime,infrastructureintheformofbridges,buildings,andevenentirenewcitieswerebuilttoaccommodatewhatbeganassmalltradingpostsandfinancialexchanges.
Sowherethereisfinancialconnection,weseethatrapidimprovementsinqualityoflifecanquicklyfollow.
Inourmoderncontext,thereareseveralimportantchannelstoachievingthisgreaterfinancialconnectivity.Iwanttohighlighttwotoday:increasedcapitalmobilityandincreasedfinancialinclusion.
1.IncreasedCapitalMobility
First,enablingcapitaltoflowmorefreely.
Allowingcapitaltoflowacrossborderscanhelpsupportinclusivegrowth.How?Byenhancinginvestmentsininfrastructure,manufacturing,andevenhealthcare.
Rightnow,foreigndirectinvestment—FDI—isonly1.9percentofGDPindevelopingcountries.Beforetheglobalfinancialcrisis,itwasat2.5percent.Makingprogressonmajorinfrastructureneedswillrequirecapitalflowstoriseagainandtobemanagedsafely.
Greateropennesstocapitalflowscanalsobringdownthecostoffinance,improvetheefficiencyofthefinancialsector,andallowcapitaltosupportproductiveinvestmentsandnewjobs.
ThatiscertainlythecasehereinChina,whereafurtheropeningofthebondmarkettoforeigninvestorswillenablediversificationandfostertheinternationalizationoftheRenminbi(RMB).
Infact,theIMFrecentlypublishedabookonthistopic,called“TheFutureofChina’sBondMarket”.ItoutlineshowtheinclusionofChina’sbondsinglobalindexescanbeagamechangernotonlyforChina’sownfinancialmarketsbutalsoforglobalinvestors.
Thebookalsounderscoresthechallengesthatcomewithopeningupcapitalmarkets.Thankfully,weknowfromexperiencetheelementsthatarerequiredforsuccess.Theseincludesoundfinancialregulation,transparentrulesforinvestment,andattentiontofiscalsustainability.
Onthislastpoint,China’sincreasedfocusonthelong-termsuccessofBRIprojects,andtheannouncementtodaybyFinanceMinisterLiuofaBRIdebtsustainabilityframework,areverywelcomestepsintherightdirection.
SotooistheworkthatisnowbeginningtoensurethatinvestmentinBRIprojectsisgreen,low-carbonandclimateresilient.Thiswillleadtoincreasedenvironmentalsustainability.
2.IncreasedFinancialInclusion
Wealsoneedincreasedfinancialinclusion—mysecondchannelforamoreeffectiveBRI.
Afewnumbers:closetohalfoftheadultpopulationinlowandmiddle-incomeAsia-Pacificeconomiesdonothaveabankaccount.Lessthan10percenthaveeverborrowedfromafinancialinstitution.
Andyet,weknowthatclosingthefinancegapisan“economicmust-have”fornationstothriveinthe21stcentury.IMFanalysisshowsthatiftheleastfinanciallyinclusivecountriesinAsianarrowedthefinancegaptothelevelofThailand—anemergingmarketeconomy—thepovertyrateinthosecountriescouldbereducedbynearly4percent.
Howcanwegetthere?Inpart,throughpoliciesthatenablemorewomenandruralcitizenstoaccessfinancialservices.Thefinancialgendergapforwomenindevelopingcountriesisabout9percentandhasremainedlargelyunchangedsince2011.
Thereisnosilverbullet,butweknowthatfintechcanplayacatalyzingrole.
InCambodia,forexample,strongpublic-privatepartnershipsinsupportingmobilefinancehasledtoatriplinginthenumberofmicro-financialinstitutionssince2011.Theseinstitutionshavenowprovidedloanstoover2millionnewborrowers,representingnearly20percentoftheadultpopulation.Manyofthesecitizenshadneverhadabankaccount.Nowtheycansaveforthefutureandperhapsevenstartabusinessoftheirown.
Theseareideasthatcanworkeverywhere.Butcountrieshavetobewillingtopartnerandlearnfromeachother.
ThatisoneofthemajorreasonswhylastOctober,theIMFandWorldBanklaunchedtheBaliFintechAgenda.Theagendalaysoutkeyprinciples—fromdevelopingfinancialmarketstosafeguardingfinancialintegrity—thatcanhelpeachnationasitstrivesforgreaterfinancialinclusion.
Itisamodelforinternationalcollaboration,muchlikethisforum.
Conclusion
Letmeconclude.
IbeganwithaChineseproverb.Inthespiritofglobalconnections,Iwillclosewithawesternpoet.TheEnglishpoetJohnDonne,whowroteabouttheSilkRoad,wasrightwhenhesaid,“Noman(orwoman!)isanisland,entireofitself;everymanisapieceofthecontinent,apartofthemain.”
Justlikeourhistory,ourmodernfinanciallandscaperevealstheenormouspotentialofbetterconnectionsbetweennationsandbetweenfinancialinstitutionsacrossborders.Thesefinancialconnectionscanleadtonewconstruction,newjobs,newopportunities,and,ultimately,theabilitytoachieveeconomicsecurity.
Ifwefindwaystoharnessthepotential,wecanbuildmoreprosperous,inclusiveeconomiesthatbenefitall.
Thankyouverymuch.Xièxiè.
InternationalMonetaryFund,2018,FinancialInclusioninAsia-Pacific,Asia-PacificDepartmentalPaperNo,18/17,Washington,D.C.
InternationalMonetaryFund,2018,FinancialInclusioninAsia-Pacific,Asia-PacificDepartmentalPaperNo,18/17,Washington,D.C.
WorldBank,The2017GlobalFindexDatabase,WashingtonD.C.
JohnDonne,DevotionsuponEmergentOccasions.Originallypublishedin1624.
来源/IMF官方网站、央视财经、经济网
责编/张广琳审校/刘梦监制/李雨思
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